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. [PubMed: 16159227] 48. Guo S, Tschammer N, Mohammed S, Guo P. Particular delivery of therapeutic RNAs to cancer cells by way of the dimerization mechanism of phi29 motor pRNA. Hum Gene Ther. 2005; 16:1097109. [PubMed: 16149908] 49. Guo S, Huang F, Guo P. Building of folate-conjugated pRNA of bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor for delivery of chimeric siRNA to nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Gene Ther. 2006; 13:81420. [PubMed: 16482206] 50. Shu Y, Cinier M, Fox SR, Ben-Johnathan N, Guo P. Assembly of therapeutic pRNA-siRNA nanoparticles making use of bipartite strategy. Mol Ther. 2011; 19:1304311. [PubMed: 21468002] 51 Shu Y, Cinier M, Shu D, Guo P. Assembly of multifunctional phi29 pRNA nanoparticles for specific delivery of siRNA as well as other therapeutics to targeted cells. Procedures. 2011; 54:20414. Within this paper, the authors reported numerous approaches for the construction of longer RNA by using two synthetic RNA fragments with variable modifications. The resulting bipartite RNA was completely competent in folding and function and related towards the intact RNA. The results showed the thriving overcoming in the size limitation for chemical synthesis and paved the way to large-scale production of therapeutic RNA nanoparticles. [PubMed: 21320601] 52. Soutschek J, Akinc A, Bramlage B, Charisse K, Constien R, Donoghue M, Elbashir S, Geick A, Hadwiger P, Harborth J, John M, Kesavan V, Lavine G, Pandey RK, Racie T, Rajeev KG, Rohl I, Toudjarska I, Wang G, Wuschko S, Bumcrot D, Koteliansky V, Limmer S, Manoharan M, Vornlocher HP. Therapeutic silencing of an endogenous gene by systemic administration of modified siRNAs. Nature. 2004; 432:17378. [PubMed: 15538359] 53. Dassie JP, Liu XY, Thomas GS, Whitaker RM, Thiel KW, Stockdale KR, Meyerholz DK, McCaffrey AP, McNamara JO, Giangrande PH. Systemic administration of optimized aptamersiRNA chimeras promotes regression of PSMA-expressing tumors. Nat Biotechnol. 2009; 27:839849. [PubMed: 19701187] 54. Behlke MA. Progress towards in vivo use of siRNAs. Mol Ther. 2006; 13:64470. [PubMed: 16481219] 55. Li SD, Chen YC, Hackett MJ, Huang L. Tumor-targeted delivery of siRNA by self-assembled nanoparticles. Mol Ther. 2008; 16:16369. [PubMed: 17923843] 56 Guo P, Haque F, Hallahan B, Reif E, Li H. Uniqueness, benefits, challenges, solutions, and perspectives in therapeutics applying RNA nanotechnology. Nucleic Acid Ther. 2012; 22:226245. This evaluation report thoroughly discusses the potential troubles in the emerging field of RNA nanotechnology and provides some solutions and perspectives for future clinical applications to troubles for example chemical and thermodynamic stability, in vivo half-life and biodistribution, yield and production expense, in vivo toxicity and side effects, precise delivery and targeting, and endosomal trapping and escape.L-Hydroxyproline Purity [PubMed: 22913595] 57.EGFR-IN-12 manufacturer Shu D, Moll WD, Deng Z, Mao C, Guo P.PMID:24455443 Bottom-up assembly of RNA arrays and superstructures as prospective parts in nanotechnology. Nano Lett. 2004; four:1717723. [PubMed: 21171616] 58. Cayrol B, Nogues C, Dawid A, Sagi I, Silberzan P, Isambert H. A nanostructure made of a bacterial noncoding RNA. J Am Chem Soc. 2009; 131:172707276. [PubMed: 19821568]NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptCurr Opin Biotechnol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 August 01.Schwartz and GuoPage59. Ohno H, Kobayashi T, Kabata R, Endo K, Iwasa T, Yoshimura SH, Takeyasu K, Inoue T, Saito H. Synthetic RNA rotein complicated shaped like an equilateral t.

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